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What elements has 8 valence electrons?

When it comes to the structure of atoms, it is common knowledge that each atom has a number of electrons surrounding it. These electrons occupy different energy levels and are...

How to calculate atomic mass?

Atomic mass is an important concept in physics and chemistry and can be used to calculate the mass of a single atom or group of atoms. But what is atomic...

What are 5 examples of isotopes?

Isotopes are a type of atom that differ from each other in the number of neutrons present in the nucleus of the atom. They are variants of elements that possess...